References
Ginès, P. et al. Liver cirrhosis. Lancet 398, 1359–1376 (2021).
Tapper, E. B., Ufere, N. N., Huang, D. Q. & Loomba, R. Review article: current and emerging therapies for the management of cirrhosis and its complications. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 55, 1099–1115 (2022).
Tapper, E. B. & Parikh, N. D. Mortality due to cirrhosis and liver cancer in the United States, 1999-2016: observational study. BMJ 362, k2817 (2018).
Huang, D. Q. et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in alcohol-associated cirrhosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2022.06.032 (2022).
Tan, D. J. H. et al. Clinical characteristics, surveillance, treatment allocation, and outcomes of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-related hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol. 23, 521–530 (2022).
Tan, D. J. H. et al. Global burden of liver cancer in males and females: changing etiological basis and the growing contribution of NASH. Hepatology https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.32758 (2022).
Ajmera, V. et al. Liver stiffness on magnetic resonance elastography and the MEFIB index and liver-related outcomes in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participants. Gastroenterology 163, 1079–1089.e5 (2022).
The Global Health Observatory. Global health estimates: Leading causes of death. WHO https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/mortality-and-global-health-estimates/ghe-leading-causes-of-death. (2023).
Moon, A. M., Singal, A. G. & Tapper, E. B. Contemporary epidemiology of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 18, 2650–2666 (2020).
Loomba, R., Friedman, S. L. & Shulman, G. I. Mechanisms and disease consequences of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Cell 184, 2537–2564 (2021).
Asrani, S. K., Devarbhavi, H., Eaton, J. & Kamath, P. S. Burden of liver diseases in the world. J. Hepatol. 70, 151–171 (2019).
GBD 2017 Cirrhosis Collaborators.The global, regional, and national burden of cirrhosis by cause in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 5, 245–266 (2020).
Huang, D. Q. et al. Changing global epidemiology of liver cancer from 2010 to 2019: NASH is the fastest growing cause of liver cancer. Cell Metab. 34, 969–977.e2 (2022).
Huang, D. Q., El-Serag, H. B. & Loomba, R. Global epidemiology of NAFLD-related HCC: trends, predictions, risk factors and prevention. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 18, 223–238 (2021).
Golabi, P. et al. Burden of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Asia, the Middle East and North Africa: Data from Global Burden of Disease 2009-2019. J. Hepatol. 75, 795–809 (2021).
Orman, E. S. et al. Trends in characteristics, mortality, and other outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed cirrhosis. JAMA Netw. Open. 2, e196412 (2019).
Chen, V. L. et al. Anti-viral therapy is associated with improved survival but is underutilised in patients with hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma: real-world east and west experience. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 48, 44–54 (2018).
Terrault, N. A. et al. Update on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic hepatitis B: AASLD 2018 hepatitis B guidance. Hepatology 67, 1560–1599 (2018).
European Association for the Study of the Liver EASL 2017 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus infection. J. Hepatol. 67, 370–398 (2017).
Sarin, S. K. et al. Asian-Pacific clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatitis B: a 2015 update. Hepatol. Int. 10, 1–98 (2016).
Ghany, M. G. & Morgan, T. R. AASLD-IDSA Hepatitis C Guidance Panel Hepatitis C guidance 2019 update: American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases–Infectious Diseases Society of America recommendations for testing, managing, and treating hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology 71, 686–721 (2020).
Polaris Observatory HCV Collaborators.Global change in hepatitis C virus prevalence and cascade of care between 2015 and 2020: a modelling study. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 7, 396–415 (2022).
European Association for the Study of the Liver EASL recommendations on treatment of hepatitis C: final update of the series. J. Hepatol. 73, 1170–1218 (2020).
Manthey, J. et al. Global alcohol exposure between 1990 and 2017 and forecasts until 2030: a modelling study. Lancet 393, 2493–2502 (2019).
Rehm, J. & Shield, K. D. Global burden of alcohol use disorders and alcohol liver disease. Biomedicines 7, 99 (2019).
Paik, J. et al. The global burden of liver cancer (LC) and chronic liver diseases (CLD) is driven by non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and alcohol liver disease (ALD) [abstract GS008]. J. Hepatol. 77 (Suppl. 1), S5–S7 (2022).
GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 396, 1204–1222 (2020).
GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators.Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 392, 1789–1858 (2018).
Ginès, P. et al. Population screening for liver fibrosis: toward early diagnosis and intervention for chronic liver diseases. Hepatology 75, 219–228 (2022).
Alberts, C. J. et al. Worldwide prevalence of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus among patients with cirrhosis at country, region, and global levels: a systematic review. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 7, 724–735 (2022).
Eslam, M. et al. MAFLD: a consensus-driven proposed nomenclature for metabolic associated fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 158, 1999–2014.e1 (2020).
Ng, C. H., Huang, D. Q. & Nguyen, M. H. NAFLD versus MAFLD: prevalence, outcomes and implications of a change in name. Clin. Mol. Hepatol. https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2022.0070 (2022).
Noureddin, M. et al. Attribution of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis as an etiology of cirrhosis for clinical trials eligibility: recommendations from the multi-stakeholder liver forum. Gastroenterology 159, 422–427.e1 (2020).
El-Serag, H. B. et al. Risk factors for cirrhosis in contemporary hepatology practices–findings from the Texas Hepatocellular Carcinoma Consortium Cohort. Gastroenterology 159, 376–377 (2020).
Flemming, J. A., Djerboua, M., Groome, P. A., Booth, C. M. & Terrault, N. A. NAFLD and alcohol-associated liver disease will be responsible for almost all new diagnoses of cirrhosis in Canada by 2040. Hepatology 74, 3330–3344 (2021).
Philip, G., Djerboua, M., Carlone, D. & Flemming, J. A. Validation of a hierarchical algorithm to define chronic liver disease and cirrhosis etiology in administrative healthcare data. PLoS ONE 15, e0229218 (2020).
Sharma, S. A. et al. Toronto HCC risk index: a validated scoring system to predict 10-year risk of HCC in patients with cirrhosis. J. Hepatol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2017.07.033 (2017).
& Gonzalez-Chagolla, A. et al. Cirrhosis etiology trends in developing countries: transition from infectious to metabolic conditions. Report from a multicentric cohort in central Mexico. Lancet Reg. Health Am. 7, 100151 (2022).
Wong, R. J. & Singal, A. K. Trends in liver disease etiology among adults awaiting liver transplantation in the United States, 2014-2019. JAMA Netw. Open. 3, e1920294 (2020).
Ward, Z. J. et al. Projected U.S. state-level prevalence of adult obesity and severe obesity. N. Engl. J. Med. 381, 2440–2450 (2019).
World Health Organization. Global status report on alcohol and health 2018 (WHO, 2018).
Díaz, L. A. et al. Liver diseases in Latin America: current status, unmet needs, and opportunities for improvement. Curr. Treat. Options Gastroenterol. 20, 261–278 (2022).
Gu, W. et al. Trends and the course of liver cirrhosis and its complications in Germany: Nationwide population-based study (2005 to 2018). Lancet Reg. Health Eur. 12, 100240 (2022).
Hagström, H. et al. Etiologies and outcomes of cirrhosis in a large contemporary cohort. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 56, 727–732 (2021).
Stroffolini, T. et al. Characteristics of liver cirrhosis in Italy: evidence for a decreasing role of HCV aetiology. Eur. J. Intern. Med. 38, 68–72 (2017).
Stroffolini, T. et al. Characteristics of liver cirrhosis in Italy: results from a multicenter national study. Dig. Liver Dis. 36, 56–60 (2004).
World Health Organization. Equity, social determinants and public health programmes (WHO, 2010).
World Health Organization. European action plan to reduce the harmful use of alcohol 2012–2020 (WHO, 2012).
Vento, S., Dzudzor, B., Cainelli, F. & Tachi, K. Liver cirrhosis in sub-Saharan Africa: neglected, yet important. Lancet Glob. Health 6, e1060–e1061 (2018).
Mokdad, A. A. et al. Liver cirrhosis mortality in 187 countries between 1980 and 2010: a systematic analysis. BMC Med 12, 145 (2014).
Yang, J. D. et al. Characteristics, management, and outcomes of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in Africa: a multicountry observational study from the Africa Liver Cancer Consortium. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2, 103–111 (2017).
Tailakh, M. A. et al. Liver cirrhosis, etiology and clinical characteristics disparities among minority population. J. Immigr. Minor. Health 24, 1122–1128 (2022).
Elzouki, A. N. et al. Predicting mortality of patients with cirrhosis admitted to medical intensive care unit: an experience of a single tertiary center. Arab. J. Gastroenterol. 17, 159–163 (2016).
Mukherjee, P. S. et al. Etiology and mode of presentation of chronic liver diseases in India: a multi centric study. PLoS ONE 12, e0187033 (2017).
Alvi, H., Zuberi, B. F., Rasheed, T. & Ibrahim, M. A. Evaluation of endoscopic variceal band ligation sessions in obliteration of esophageal varices. Pak. J. Med. Sci. 36, 37–41 (2020).
Enomoto, H. et al. Transition in the etiology of liver cirrhosis in Japan: a nationwide survey. J. Gastroenterol. 55, 353–362 (2020).
Jang, W. Y. et al. Changes in characteristics of patients with liver cirrhosis visiting a tertiary hospital over 15 years: a retrospective multi-center study in Korea. J. Korean Med. Sci. 35, e233 (2020).
Xiong, J. et al. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis-related liver cirrhosis is increasing in China: a ten-year retrospective study. Clinics 70, 563–568 (2015).
Lu, S.-N. et al. Secular trends and geographic variations of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma in Taiwan. Int. J. Cancer 119, 1946–1952 (2006).
Schmidt, L. A. & Room, R. Alcohol and inequity in the process of development: contributions from ethnographic research. Int. J. Alcohol. Drug. Res. 1, 41–55 (2013).
Wang, H., Ma, L., Yin, Q., Zhang, X. & Zhang, C. Prevalence of alcoholic liver disease and its association with socioeconomic status in north-eastern China. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 38, 1035–1041 (2014).
Charatcharoenwitthaya, P., Liangpunsakul, S. & Piratvisuth, T. Alcohol-associated liver disease: East versus West. Clin. Liver Dis. 16, 231–235 (2020).
Fan, J. G., Kim, S. U. & Wong, V. W. New trends on obesity and NAFLD in Asia. J. Hepatol. 67, 862–873 (2017).
D’Amico, G., Garcia-Tsao, G. & Pagliaro, L. Natural history and prognostic indicators of survival in cirrhosis: a systematic review of 118 studies. J. Hepatol. 44, 217–231 (2006).
Jepsen, P., Ott, P., Andersen, P. K., Sørensen, H. T. & Vilstrup, H. Clinical course of alcoholic liver cirrhosis: a Danish population-based cohort study. Hepatology 51, 1675–1682 (2010).
Fleming, K. M., Aithal, G. P., Card, T. R. & West, J. The rate of decompensation and clinical progression of disease in people with cirrhosis: a cohort study. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 32, 1343–1350 (2010).
Arroyo, V., Moreau, R. & Jalan, R. Acute-on-chronic liver failure. N. Engl. J. Med. 382, 2137–2145 (2020).
Hernaez, R., Solà, E., Moreau, R. & Ginès, P. Acute-on-chronic liver failure: an update. Gut 66, 541–553 (2017).
Sarin, S. K. et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure: consensus recommendations of the Asian Pacific association for the study of the liver (APASL): an update. Hepatol. Int. 13, 353–390 (2019).
Moreau, R. et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure is a distinct syndrome that develops in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 144, 1426–1437.e9 (2013).
O’Leary, J. G. et al. NACSELD acute-on-chronic liver failure (NACSELD-ACLF) score predicts 30-day survival in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 67, 2367–2374 (2018).
Arroyo, V. et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure in cirrhosis. Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim. 2, 16041 (2016).
Mezzano, G. et al. Global burden of disease: acute-on-chronic liver failure, a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut 71, 148–155 (2022).
Karlsen, T. H. et al. The EASL-Lancet Liver Commission: protecting the next generation of Europeans against liver disease complications and premature mortality. Lancet 399, 61–116 (2022).
GBD 2019 Demographics Collaborators.Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950–2019: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 396, 1160–1203 (2020).
Adams, L. A. et al. The natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a population-based cohort study. Gastroenterology 129, 113–121 (2005).
Huang, D. et al. Shared mechanisms between cardiovascular disease and NAFLD. Semin. Liver Dis. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1930-6658 (2022).
Younossi, Z. M. et al. Nonalcoholic steatofibrosis independently predicts mortality in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatol. Commun. 1, 421–428 (2017).
Estes, C. et al. Modelling NAFLD disease burden in four Asian regions – 2019-2030. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 51, 801–811 (2020).
Estes, C. et al. Modeling NAFLD disease burden in China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain, United Kingdom, and United States for the period 2016-2030. J. Hepatol. 69, 896–904 (2018).
Razavi-Shearer, D. et al. The disease burden of hepatitis B and hepatitis C from 2015 to 2030: the long and winding road [abstract OS050]. J. Hepatol. 77 (Suppl. 1), S43 (2022).
Julien, J., Ayer, T., Bethea, E. D., Tapper, E. B. & Chhatwal, J. Projected prevalence and mortality associated with alcohol-related liver disease in the USA, 2019-40: a modelling study. Lancet Public. Health 5, e316–e323 (2020).
Hsu, W. F. et al. Hepatitis C virus eradication decreases the risks of liver cirrhosis and cirrhosis-related complications (Taiwanese chronic hepatitis C cohort). J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 36, 2884–2892 (2021).
Sanyal, A. J. et al. Cirrhosis regression is associated with improved clinical outcomes in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.32204 (2021).
Xie, Y. D., Feng, B., Gao, Y. & Wei, L. Effect of abstinence from alcohol on survival of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatol. Res. 44, 436–449 (2014).
Chang, T. T. et al. Long-term entecavir therapy results in the reversal of fibrosis/cirrhosis and continued histological improvement in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 52, 886–893 (2010).
Cox, A. L. et al. Progress towards elimination goals for viral hepatitis. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 17, 533–542 (2020).
Tergast, T. L. et al. Updated epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infections and implications for hepatitis C virus elimination in Germany. J. Viral Hepat. 29, 536–542 (2022).
Kondili, L. A. et al. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hepatitis B and C elimination: an EASL survey. JHEP Rep. 4, 100531 (2022).
GBD 2019 Hepatiitis B Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of hepatitis B, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 7, 796–829 (2022).
Ye, Q. et al. Substantial gaps in evaluation and treatment of patients with hepatitis B in the US. J. Hepatol. 76, 63–74 (2022).
Le, M. H. et al. Chronic hepatitis B prevalence among foreign-born and U.S.-born adults in the United States, 1999-2016. Hepatology 71, 431–443 (2020).
Julien, J. et al. Effect of increased alcohol consumption during COVID-19 pandemic on alcohol-associated liver disease: a modeling study. Hepatology 75, 1480–1490 (2022).
Bittermann, T., Mahmud, N. & Abt, P. Trends in liver transplantation for acute alcohol-associated hepatitis during the COVID-19 pandemic in the US. JAMA Netw. Open. 4, e2118713 (2021).
Toyoda, H., Huang, D. Q., Le, M. H. & Nguyen, M. H. Liver care and surveillance: the global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Hepatol. Commun. 4, 1751–1757 (2020).
Tan, E. X.-X. Impact of COVID-19 on liver transplantation in Hong Kong and Singapore: a modelling study. Lancet Reg. Health West. Pac. 16, 100262 (2021).
Lee, B. P., Dodge, J. L., Leventhal, A. & Terrault, N. A. Retail alcohol and tobacco sales during COVID-19. Ann. Intern. Med. 174, 1027–1029 (2021).
White, A. M., Castle, I.-J. P., Powell, P. A., Hingson, R. W. & Koob, G. F. Alcohol-related deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.4308 (2022).
Hussain, A. et al. Decompensated cirrhosis is the commonest presentation for NAFLD patients undergoing liver transplant assessment. Clin. Med. 20, 313–318 (2020).
Trebicka, J. et al. The PREDICT study uncovers three clinical courses of acutely decompensated cirrhosis that have distinct pathophysiology. J. Hepatol. 73, 842–854 (2020).
Lee, B. P., Dodge, J. L. & Terrault, N. A. Geographic density of gastroenterologists is associated with decreased mortality from alcohol-associated liver disease. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2022.07.020 (2022).
Oluyomi, A. O., El-Serag, H. B., Olayode, A. & Thrift, A. P. Neighborhood-level factors contribute to disparities in hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in Texas. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2022.06.031 (2022).
de Franchis, R., Bosch, J., Garcia-Tsao, G., Reiberger, T. & Ripoll, C. Baveno VII – Renewing consensus in portal hypertension. J. Hepatol. 76, 959–974 (2022).
European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Liver transplantation. J. Hepatol. 64, 433–485 (2016).
Lucey, M. R. et al. Long-term management of the successful adult liver transplant: 2012 practice guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the American Society of Transplantation. Liver Transpl. 19, 3–26 (2013).
Sharpton, S. R. et al. Gut metagenome-derived signature predicts hepatic decompensation and mortality in NAFLD-related cirrhosis. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 56, 1475–1485 (2022).
Lazarus, J. V. et al. Advancing the global public health agenda for NAFLD: a consensus statement. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41575-021-00523-4 (2021).
Díaz, L. A. et al. The establishment of public health policies and the burden of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the Americas. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 7, 552–559 (2022).
Labenz, C. et al. Structured early detection of asymptomatic liver cirrhosis: results of the population-based liver screening program SEAL. J. Hepatol. 77, 695–701 (2022).
Kanwal, F. et al. Clinical care pathway for the risk stratification and management of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 161, 1657–1669 (2021).
Rozenberg-Ben-Dror, K. et al. Improving quality of hepatitis B care in the Veteran’s Health Administration. Clin. liver Dis. 19, 213–218 (2022).
Paik, J. M., Golabi, P., Younossi, Y., Mishra, A. & Younossi, Z. M. Changes in the global burden of chronic liver diseases from 2012 to 2017: the growing impact of NAFLD. Hepatology 72, 1605–1616 (2020).
Nehra, M. S. et al. Use of administrative claims data for identifying patients with cirrhosis. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 47, e50–e54 (2013).
Hayward, K. L. et al. ICD-10-AM codes for cirrhosis and related complications: key performance considerations for population and healthcare studies. BMJ Open Gastroenterol. 7, e000485 (2020).
Ramrakhiani, N. S. et al. Validity of international classification of diseases, tenth revision, codes for cirrhosis. Dig. Dis. 39, 243–246 (2021).
Mapakshi, S., Kramer, J. R., Richardson, P., El-Serag, H. B. & Kanwal, F. Positive predictive value of international classification of diseases, 10th revision, codes for cirrhosis and its related complications. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 16, 1677–1678 (2018).
Bengtsson, B., Askling, J., Ludvigsson, J. F. & Hagström, H. Validity of administrative codes associated with cirrhosis in Sweden. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 55, 1205–1210 (2020).
Shearer, J. E. et al. Systematic review: development of a consensus code set to identify cirrhosis in electronic health records. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 55, 645–657 (2022).
Ratib, S., West, J., Crooks, C. J. & Fleming, K. M. Diagnosis of liver cirrhosis in England, a cohort study, 1998-2009: a comparison with cancer. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 109, 190–198 (2014).
Thygesen, S. K., Christiansen, C. F., Christensen, S., Lash, T. L. & Sørensen, H. T. The predictive value of ICD-10 diagnostic coding used to assess Charlson comorbidity index conditions in the population-based Danish National Registry of Patients. BMC Med. Res. Methodol. 11, 83 (2011).
Kramer, J. R. et al. The validity of viral hepatitis and chronic liver disease diagnoses in Veterans Affairs Administrative databases. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 27, 274–282 (2008).
Goldberg, D., Lewis, J., Halpern, S., Weiner, M. & Lo Re, V. 3rd Validation of three coding algorithms to identify patients with end-stage liver disease in an administrative database. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug. Saf. 21, 765–769 (2012).
Kim, D., Alshuwaykh, O., Dennis, B. B., Cholankeril, G. & Ahmed, A. Trends in etiology-based mortality from chronic liver disease before and during COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 20, 2307–2316.e3 (2022).
Pollard, M. S., Tucker, J. S. & Green, H. D. Jr. Changes in adult alcohol use and consequences during the COVID-19 pandemic in the US. JAMA Netw. Open. 3, e2022942 (2020).
The Lancet Gastroenterology Hepatology. Drinking alone: COVID-19, lockdown, and alcohol-related harm. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 5, 625 (2020).
NANOS Research. COVID-19 and increased alcohol consumption: NANOS poll summary report (Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction, 2020).
Vanderbruggen, N. et al. Self-reported alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use during COVID-19 lockdown measures: results from a web-based survey. Eur. Addict. Res. 26, 309–315 (2020).
Sidor, A. & Rzymski, P. Dietary choices and habits during COVID-19 lockdown: experience from Poland. Nutrients 12, 1657 (2020).
Ge, J., Pletcher, M. J. & Lai, J. C. Outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with chronic liver disease and cirrhosis: a national COVID cohort collaborative study. Gastroenterology 161, 1487–1501.e5 (2021).
Mahmud, N., Hubbard, R. A., Kaplan, D. E. & Serper, M. Declining cirrhosis hospitalizations in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic: a national cohort study. Gastroenterology 159, 1134–1136.e3 (2020).
Tapper, E. B. & Asrani, S. K. The COVID-19 pandemic will have a long-lasting impact on the quality of cirrhosis care. J. Hepatol. 73, 441–445 (2020).
Blach, S. et al. Impact of COVID-19 on global HCV elimination efforts. J. Hepatol. 74, 31–36 (2021).
